Scholalry Evidence Based Interpretation ontology (SEBI)
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Scholarly Evidence Based Interpretation ontology (SEBI)

Release: 04/06/2024

This version:
https://w3id.org/sebi/version/2024-06-04
Latest version:
https://w3id.org/sebi
Authors:
Valentina Pasqual, University of Bologna ✉
Contributors:
Andrea Schimmenti, University of Bologna ✉
Francesca Tomasi, University of Bologna ✉
Fabio Vitali, University of Bologna ✉
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Visualization:
Visualize with WebVowl
Evaluation:
Evaluate with OOPS!
Cite as:
Retrieved from: https://w3id.org/sebi/version/2024-06-04
Provenance of this page
Ontology Specification Draft

Abstract

This is a placeholder text for the abstract. The abstract should contain a couple of sentences summarizing the ontology and its purpose.

Introduction back to ToC

The Scholarly Evidence Based Assessment (SEBI) ontology, an extension of HiCo ontology, represents the evidences collected by scholars to support their interpretations. SEBI allows the representation and reasoning about such information. In particular, the ontology is provided with a set of Named Individuals which characterise the use of the ontology to represent the evidences which support scholalry interpretations about the classification of a document's authenticity (in particular by defining such document an Authentic document, a Forgery or a Suspected Forgery). The following figure shows classes (yellow rectangles), object properties (blue solid lines beginning with a solid circle and ending with a solid arrow), data properties (green solid lines beginning with a outline circle and ending with an outline arrow), subclass relationships assertions among classes (black solid lines ending with a solid arrow) and named individuals (pink solid circles).
SEBI main classes tackle the following aspects:
  • sebi:Evidence represents a scholars' observation of an evidence collected to support a certain interpretation
  • sebi:Feature representes the feature of the cultural object on which the evidence is collected on (e.g. the style, the material support)
  • sebi:Evaluation models the evaluation given to a feature during the collection of evidences (e.g. presence, veridicality)

  • Negation handeling. Evidences may convey negative meanings (e.g. the style is inconsistent, the seal is absent). SEBI models negation or absence with the use of a data property (sebi:hasEvaluationScore) which indicates the positiness or negativeness of the collected evidence. The lower the value of the evaluation score, the lower the degree of positivity of the evidence (e.g. the coherency of the style is 0 means that the style is incoherent).
  • Named individuals. A set of named individuals has been included in the SEBI ontology to model the domain of document authenticity assessment. However, such named entities can be customised depending on the scope of the Knowledge Graph.
For instance, the document "Donation of constantine" has been judged by Lorenzo Valla as a forgery. Bibliographic references support the claim as well a set of evidences such as "incoherent style and language". Such a scenario can be represented as follows (in turtle syntax): 
   :donation-valla-opinion a hico:InterpretationAct .

   :donation-valla-evidence1 a sebi:Evidence ;
      sebi:support :donation-valla-opinion ;
      sebi:account sebi:style ;
      sebi:evaluate sebi:coherency ;
      sebi:hasEvaluationScore "0"^^xsd:integer .

   :donation-valla-evidence1 a sebi:Evidence ;
      sebi:support :donation-valla-opinion ;
      sebi:account sebi:language ;
      sebi:evaluate sebi:coherency ;
      sebi:hasEvaluationScore "0"^^xsd:integer .

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
hico<https://w3id.org/hico#>
owl<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
rdf<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
rdfs<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
sebi<https://w3id.org/sebi/>
xml<http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
xsd<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

SEBI: Overview back to ToC

This ontology has the following classes and properties.

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Named Individuals

SEBI: Description back to ToC

The Scholarly Evidence Based Interpretation (SEBI) ontology is an OWL 2 DL ontology developed to represent evidences used to support scholarly interpretations.

Cross-reference for SEBI classes, object properties and data properties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by SEBI.

Classes

Authentic documentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Authentic

An authentic document is a document which is believed to be genuine
has super-classes
Document c

Documentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Document

A document is a recorded piece of information, typically in written, that serves as device to communicate
has sub-classes
Authentic document c, Forgery c, Supected forged document c
is in domain of
intended to op
is in range of
intend op
is disjoint with
Evaluation c, Evidence c, Feature c, Intention c

Evaluationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Evaluation

A specific quality or feature detected in an evidence (e.g. reliability, completeness)
is in domain of
has feature op, is evaluated by op
is in range of
evaluate op, has evaluation op
has members
attendibility ni, completeness ni, consistency ni, presence ni, reliability ni, veridicality ni
is disjoint with
Document c, Evidence c, Feature c, Intention c

Evidencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Evidence

A piece of evidence or proof used in the investigation
is in domain of
assess op, evaluate op, has evaluation score dp, support op
is in range of
is assessed by op, is evaluated by op, is supported by op
is disjoint with
Document c, Evaluation c, Feature c, Intention c

Extrinsic featurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/ExtrinsicFeature

An external characteristic of a document, such as ink or paper
has super-classes
Feature c
has members
authentication marks ni, handwriting ni, indentation ni, ink ni, legal formulas ni, material support ni, sigillum or seal ni

Featurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Feature

A characteristic or Evaluation of a document on which an evidence is based on (e.g. style, language)
has sub-classes
Extrinsic feature c, Intrinsic feature c, Provenance c
is in domain of
has evaluation op, is assessed by op
is in range of
assess op, has feature op
is disjoint with
Document c, Evaluation c, Evidence c, Intention c

Forgeryc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Forgery

A forgery is a document intentionally created or altered with the intent to deceive or defraud by passing it off as genuine
has super-classes
Document c

Intentionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Intention

An intention is the purpose that led to the creation of a document
is in domain of
intend op
is in range of
intended to op
has members
historical revisionism ni, mock ni, nationalism / patriotism ni, profit ni
is disjoint with
Document c, Evaluation c, Evidence c, Feature c

Intrinsic featurec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/IntrinsicFeature

An internal characteristic of a document, such as style or content
has super-classes
Feature c
has members
chronology and dating ni, content ni, format (spacing, signs) ni, illustration or other graphical device ni, inter-punctuation ni, interpolations ni, metre and style ni, orthography ni

Provenancec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/Provenance

The history of ownership and transmission of a document
has super-classes
Feature c
has members
document provenance ni, historical context ni, list of witnesses ni, original document ni

Supected forged documentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/SuspectedForgery

A suspected forgery is a document that is believed to be a result of forgery, but its authenticity has not been confirmed.
has super-classes
Document c

Object Properties

assessop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/assess

A relationship indicating that an Evidence examines a Feature (e.g. the evidence assess (or examines) the style of the document).
has domain
Evidence c
has range
Feature c
is inverse of
is assessed by op

evaluateop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/evaluate

A relationship indicating that an Evidence gives an Evaluation when evaluating a Feature (e.g. the evidence evaluates the **presence** of interpolations).
has domain
Evidence c
has range
Evaluation c
is inverse of
is evaluated by op

has evaluationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/hasEvaluation

A relationship indicating the Evaluation associated with a Feature (e.g. the presence of interpolations). Inverse proprty of has feature.
has domain
Feature c
has range
Evaluation c
is inverse of
has feature op

has featureop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/hasFeature

A relationship indicating the Feature to which an Evaluation is associated (e.g. interpolations are present in the document).
has domain
Evaluation c
has range
Feature c
is inverse of
has evaluation op

intendop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/intend

A relationship indicating which document has been created with a certain Intention. Inverse proprty of intend.
has domain
Intention c
has range
Document c
is inverse of
intended to op

intended toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/intendedTo

A relationship indicating the Intention with which a document has been created (e.g. for profit purposes).
has domain
Document c
has range
Intention c
is inverse of
intend op

is assessed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/isAssessedBy

A relationship indicating that a Feature is examined in an Evidence (e.g. the style of the document is assessed (or examined) in the evidence). Inverse property of assess.
has domain
Feature c
has range
Evidence c
is inverse of
assess op

is evaluated byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/isEvaluatedBy

A relationship indicating that an Evaluation is given in an Evidence when evaluating a Feature (e.g. **presence** of interpolations has been evaluated in the evidence). Inverse property of evaluate.
has domain
Evaluation c
has range
Evidence c
is inverse of
evaluate op

is supported byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/isSupportedBy

A relationship indicating that an Interpretation is supported by an Evidence. Inverse property of support
has domain
Interpretation Act c
has range
Evidence c
is inverse of
support op

supportop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/support

A relationship indicating that an Evidence supports an Interpretation.
has domain
Evidence c
has range
Interpretation Act c
is inverse of
is supported by op

Data Properties

has evaluation scoredp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/hasEvaluationScore

The evaluation score given to an Evidence to register its polarity (e.g. score 0 on consistency means inconsistent, score 1 means consintent)
has domain
Evidence c
has range
integer

Named Individuals

attendibilityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/attendibility

The reliability of a document's content and the trustworthiness of its source.
belongs to
Evaluation c

authentication marksni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/authentication_marks

Legal authentication marks or signs on a document that indicate its authenticity.
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

chronology and datingni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/chronology_and_dating

The timeline and historical context of a document
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

completenessni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/completeness

The state of a document having all necessary parts or elements
belongs to
Evaluation c

consistencyni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/consistency

The degree to which different parts of a document agree with each other
belongs to
Evaluation c

contentni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/content

The actual information or text contained in a document
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

document provenanceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/document_provenance

The documented history of a document's ownership and transmission
belongs to
Provenance c

format (spacing, signs)ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/format_spacing_signs

The layout, spacing, and sign usage in a document
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

handwritingni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/handwriting

The style and characteristics of writing in a document
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

historical contextni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/historical_context

The historical setting and background of a document
belongs to
Provenance c

historical revisionismni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/historical_revisionism

The deliberate alteration or reinterpretation of historical records to reflect a specific agenda, often to legitimize or support a particular viewpoint.
belongs to
Intention c

illustration or other graphical deviceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/illustration

Visual elements in a document, such as drawings or decorations
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

indentationni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/indentation

Impressions left on a document from writing or sealing
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

inkni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/ink

The type and composition of ink used in a document
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

inter-punctuationni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/inter_punctuation

The punctuation used between words and sentences
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

interpolationsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/interpolations

Additional text inserted into a document after its original creation, often indicating tampering.
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

legal formulasni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/legal_formulas

Standard legal phrases or formats in a document
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

list of witnessesni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/list_of_witnesses

A record of individuals who have seen or authenticated a documents
belongs to
Provenance c

material supportni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/material_support

The material on which a document is written, such as paper or parchment
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

metre and styleni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/metre_and_style

The rhythmic structure and stylistic elements of a document's text
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

mockni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/mock

To imitate or mimic something in a way that is often intended to ridicule or criticize, commonly used as a form of satire or parody.
belongs to
Intention c

nationalism / patriotismni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/nationalism_patriotism

The production of documents that promote national pride or loyalty, sometimes through the embellishment or fabrication of facts, to support patriotic narratives.
belongs to
Intention c

original documentni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/original_document

The initial version of a document
belongs to
Provenance c

orthographyni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/orthography

The conventional spelling system of a document's language
belongs to
Intrinsic feature c

presenceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/presence

The existence of specific a feature in a document
belongs to
Evaluation c

profitni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/profit

The creation or manipulation of documents to falsely represent financial gain, typically to deceive stakeholders or inflate the perceived success of an entity.
belongs to
Intention c

reliabilityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/reliability

The dependability of a document based on its features and Evaluations.
belongs to
Evaluation c

sigillum or sealni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/sigillum_or_seal

An official mark or seal found on documents
belongs to
Extrinsic feature c

veridicalityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/sebi/veridicality

The truthfulness and accuracy of a document's information.
belongs to
Evaluation c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals

References back to ToC

Add your references here. It is recommended to have them as a list.

Acknowledgments back to ToC

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.